Definition and Examples of Gibberish

Gibberish is unintelligible, nonsensical, or meaningless language. Similarly, gibberish may refer to speech or writing thats needlessly obscure or pretentious. In this sense, the term is similar to gobbledygook. Gibberish is often used in a playful or creative way—as when a parent speaks to an infant or when a child experiments with combinations of vocal sounds that have no meaning. The word itself is sometimes used as a term of disdain for a foreign or unknown language or for the speech of a particular individual (as in Hes talking gibberish).   Grammalot is a particular type of gibberish that was originally used by medieval jesters and troubadours. According to  Marco Frascari, Grammalot consists of a few real words, interspersed with nonsense syllables mimicking the sound  utterances to convince the audience  that it is a real known language.   Examples Gliddy glup gloopyNibby nabby noopyLa la la lo lo.Sabba sibby sabbaNooby abba nabbaLee lee lo lo.Tooby ooby wallaNooby abba nabbaEarly morning singing song. (Chorus to Good Morning Starshine, by  Galt MacDermot,  James Rado, and  Gerome Ragni. Hair, 1967)Thrippsy pillivinx,Inky tinky pobblebockle abblesquabs? — Flosky! beebul trimble flosky! — Okul scratchabibblebongibo, viddle squibble tog-a-tog, ferrymoyassity amsky flamsky ramsky damsky crocklefether squiggs.Flinkywisty pommSlushypipp  (Edward Lear, letter to  Evelyn Baring, 1862)God what a husband Id make! Yes, I should get married!So much to do! like sneaking into Mr Jones house late at nightand cover his golf clubs with 1920 Norwegian books . . .And when the milkman comes leave him a note in the bottlePenguin dust, bring me penguin dust, I want penguin dust. (Gregory Corso, Marriage, 1958)Lt. Abbie Mills: Chopping down a Christmas tree?Ichabod Crane: Altogether a nonsensical concept. Celebrating Yuletide with a titular display of lumber.Lt. Abbie Mills: Wow. Bah-humbug to you too, Ebenezer.Ichabod Crane: That was all gibberish.Lt. Abbie Mills: Scrooge. A Dickensian character. A grump. (The Golem, Sleepy Hollow, 2013)Still through the hawthorn blows the cold wind:Says suum, mun, ha, no, nonny.Dolphin my boy, my boy, sessa! let him trot by. (Edgar in William Shakespeares  King Lear, Act 3, Scene 4)I encourage teachers to speak in their own voices. Dont use the gibberish of the standards writers. (Jonathan Kozol in an interview with  Anna Mundow, The Advocate of Teaching Over Testing. The Boston Globe, October 21, 2007)   Etymology of Gibberish - The exact origin of  the word gibberish  is unknown, but one explanation traces its beginnings to an eleventh-century Arab named Geber, who practiced a form of magical chemistry called alchemy. To avoid getting into trouble with church officials, he invented strange terms that prevented others from understanding what he was doing. His mysterious language (Geberish) may have given rise to the word gibberish. (Laraine Flemming, Words Count, 2nd ed. Cengage, 2015) - Etymologists have been scratching their heads over [the origin of the word gibberish] almost since it first appeared in the language in the middle 1500s. There’s a set of words—gibber, jibber, jabber, gobble and gab (as in gift of the gab)—that may be related attempts at imitating incomprehensible utterances. But how they arrived and in what order is unknown. (Michael Quinion, World Wide Words, October 3, 2015) Charlie Chaplins Gibberish in The Great Dictator   - [Charlie] Chaplins performance as Hynkel [in the film The Great Dictator] is a tour de force, one of his greatest performances of all, and certainly his greatest performance in a sound film.* He is able to get around the arbitrary and limited meaning which dialogue implies by screeching his vaudevillian German doubletalk of utter gibberish--the result is sound without defined meaning...the finest weapon by which to satirize the disturbing and disturbed speeches of Hitler as seen in the newsreels. (Kyp Harness,  The Art of Charlie Chaplin. McFarland, 2008)- Gibberish captures that foundational static out of which wording arises...[I]t is my view that gibberish is an education onto the relation of sound to speech, sense to nonsense; it reminds us of the primary phonetic noise by which we learn to articulate, and from which we might draw from again, in acts of parody, poetry, romance, or storytelling, as well as through the simple pleasures of a disordered semantic.Here Id like to bring into consideration Charlie Chaplins use of gibberish in the film The Great Dictator. Produced in 1940 as a critical parody of Hitler, and the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany, Chaplin uses the voice as a primary vehicle for staging the brutal absurdity of the dictators ideological views. This appears immediately in the opening scene, where the first lines spoken by the dictator (as well as by Chaplin, as this was his first talking film) wields an unforgettable force of effusive gibberish: Democrazie schtunk! Liberty schtunk! Freisprechen schtunk! Chaplins nonsensical enactments throughout the film highlight language as a material susceptible to mutation, appropriation, and poetical transfiguration that no less delivers potent meaning. Such oral moves on the part of Chaplin reveal to what degree gibberish may perform to supply the thrust of speech with the power of critique. (Brandon LaBelle,  Lexicon of the Mouth: Poetics and Politics of Voice and the Oral Imaginary. Bloomsbury, 2014) Frank McCourt on Gibberish and Grammar If you said to someone, John store to the went, theyd think it was gibberish.Whats gibberish?Language that makes no sense.I had a sudden idea, a flash. Psychology is the study of the way people behave. Grammar is the study of the way language behaves...I pushed it. If someone acts crazy, the psychologist studies them to find out whats wrong. If someone talks in a funny way and you cant understand them, then youre thinking about grammar. Like,  John store to the went...No stopping me now. I said,  Store the to went John. Does that make sense? Of course not. So you see, you have to have words in their proper order. Proper order means meaning and if you dont have meaning youre babbling and the men in the white coats come and take you away. They stick you in the gibberish department of Bellevue. Thats grammar. (Frank McCourt,  Teacher Man: A Memoir. Scribners, 2005) The Lighter Side of Gibberish Homer Simpson: Listen to the man, Marge. He pays Barts salary. Marge Simpson: No, he doesnt. Homer Simpson: Why dont you ever support my gibberish? Id do it if you were stupid.(How Munched Is That Birdie in the Window? The Simpsons, 2010)

The Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins - 1712 Words

Dang Truong Mrs. Carter World Literature November 12, 2016 The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins: Survival The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is a novel about a teenage girl, Katniss, struggling to survive in the life oppressed by the government. Living with the injustice of the Capitol, Katniss soon develops her own hatred toward the Capitol; by using what she have and striving for the best against it, Katniss is able to hold the odds in her favor. Katniss volunteering in Prim s place in the arena, where she could die at anytime, is an extraordinary sacrifice of a sixteen-year-old girl for her sister. Staying alive in the deadly arena of The Hunger Games, where death is around every corner, is close to impossible. Using relationships to her advantage, having the courage to stand up to tyranny, and staying true to her values lead to Katniss survival in The Hunger Games and sparks a rebellion against the injustice of the Capitol. The author uses the alliance between Katniss and Rue, the connection with Haymitch, her hunting partnership with Gale back home, and the star-crossed love with Peeta during the games to illustrate how the dependence on those relationship lead to the survival of Katniss in the game. The alliance with Rue is very necessary to Katniss because the presence of Rue in the arena reminds Katniss about her sister at home, Prim. She also saves Katniss from the career, and the wounds from the fireball and the tracker-jacker. Prim is the reason that KatnissShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3246 Words   |  13 PagesStudy Unit The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway’s The Cellist of Sarajevo demonstrates the way in which people are affected by war, and a brutal dictatorship. The authors illustrates the main purpose for writing their novel through the use of imagery, characterization, foreshadowing, flashback, similes, and symbolism. Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway use imagery and characterization to vividly describe the effects and outcomes of war and dictatorship. Suzanne Collins portrays,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie or the book the Hunger Games came out with a bang when it first hit theaters or the shelves of the bookstores. It was dubbed as one of the best films or books to read, interestingly enough it was a remake of the stories or myths most people heard when they were younger, but modernized and turned into a collage of all the best roman and Greek stories. Suzanne Collins brilliantly combined the Greek and Roman influences to make the movie/book unforgettable. By using stories from the romansRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collin899 Words   |  4 Pages Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"Hunger Games† seems to be about a dystopian society struggle to become a utopia. However, when the readers read further in to the book or watches the movie one can see that is about all the characters that make use human. As human, we feel the need to build an ethical framework based on our needs for authority rather than tradition. The Capitol in the Hunger Games exploits human needs to keep authority in place. After rising seas and poverty consumed much of the land, the CapitolRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1419 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional atmosphere within a dystopian state, there exists an absence of feeling which competes for dominance. Suzanne Collins’ demonstrates this competing apathetic mood in her novel, The Hunger Games, through the citizens of the divided dystopia of Panem. This essay will analyze the origins and influence of apathy on a people and an individual, in both a political and personal sense. Collins’ main argument, that citizens’ facing governmental oppression can either become compliant with apathy, or, insteadRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins854 Words   |  4 PagesIn a place where poverty is prevalent and a country is ruled b y a tyrannical dictator is it possible for an individual to trust others when their own life is always at stake? In the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character Katniss Everdeen is a survivor. In the novel she is put into an arena to compete against twenty-three other tributes to the death. This is not the only time during which she has to fend for herself; at home she had to care for her family and keep them aliveRead MoreThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins710 Words   |  3 Pages‘’The hunger games’’ is a novel written by Suzanne Collins, published in 2008. The genre of the book is thriller/survival, and is written over 27 chapters with 454 pages. 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Dystopian films like the Hunger Games provide messages,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins986 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is about a sixteen year old girl named Katniss and how she needs to fight for her life. The Hunger Games takes place in an arena in the Capitol of Pa nem. There are 24 tributes, two from each District. The games were created to punish the Twelve Districts for trying to create an uprising against the Capitol. Suzanne Collins book could be compared to the United States and how people obsess with the way they look, discrimination is still occurring, and how the governmentRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1487 Words   |  6 PagesMy first text is The Hunger Games which is written by Suzanne Collins and it was written in September 14 2008; was set in the future, around the year 2087. My second text which is 1984, which is written by George Orwell and was written on Wednesday June 8 1949 and it was set in 1948. There are many themes in the book hunger games such as ‘the inequality between rich and poor’, ‘suffering as environment’ and ‘the importance of appearances’. In 1984 there is also many themes portrayed such as ‘theRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins2436 Words   |  10 PagesThe Hunger Games is a science fiction and adventure film, based on the novel written by Suzanne Collins, which explores concepts of Marxism and numerous aspects of its principles through the dystopian world of Panem. The Hunger Games follows Marxist theories on bourgeoisie and proletariat class structure as well as capitalist production and the distribution of good. Thelma and Louise, a 1991 film directed by Ridley Scott, is often referred to by critics as â€Å"the ultimate feminist film†. This film

Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay Free Essays

string(62) " theory of internalising costs under price-based instruments\." Economic instrument ‘s aim is to alter the behavior of environmental devastation by puting cost on the polluters while statute law ‘s aim is to alter the polluter ‘s behavior by puting Torahs or restricting some patterns. Traditionally, both authoritiess and concerns have preferred to utilize legislative instruments over economic instruments as environmental policy. It is because they think economic instruments is can non alter the behavior of polluter straight and certain sums of uncertainness are involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the position of authoritiess, they afraid rising prices may be caused by extra charges and the low-income group will be affected by the unsought distribution consequence. The populace may believe that companies can obtain the pollution right if they able to pay for the pollution charges. Similarly, from the position of concerns, they do non prefer to utilize economic instruments since the costs would be increased by the extra charges, and they have influence on statute law by dialogue. Charge is the most common manner under price-based step. A monetary value that polluters have to pay for what environmental pollution they have done can be considered as charge ( OECD, 1989 ) . Charges can be classified as user charges, merchandise charges and wastewater charges. To forestall resource maltreatment, users of resource should pay for user charges. To promote recycling or discourage disposal, the merchandise monetary value would be added by the merchandise charges. To forestall H2O pollution, wastewater charges would be used and the payments depend on constituents and measure of a company ‘s sewerage. Normally, authoritiess would maintain the wastewater charges at a low degree in order to forestall equivocation of charges by illegal dumping. There several statements about the effectivity of price-based steps and legislative steps on pollution control. Literature reviews about these statements is presented in the undermentioned paragraphs. The principle The environmental economic experts, such as Schelling ( 1983 ) , Pearce et Al. ( 1989 ) , Tietenberg ( 1990 ) and Ekins, P. ( 1999 ) outline a standard position in texts and articles. There are arguments that decrepitude of environmental is because of the system of market failed to add environmental value. Savage and Hart ( 1993, p. 3 ) indicated that most of economic sciences believe that â€Å" doing the polluters to obey on the mechanism of market is the most effectual ways to undertake with jobs of environment † : A monetary value should be placed to people who want to utilize environmental resources till to guarantee that the societal costs are non larger than the societal benefits. So there costs and benefits should be measured. In order to do the benefit and costs to be mensurable, the environment should be turned into marketable. Then there have a pollution rights markets, presenting subsidies or revenue enhancements as monetary values to reflect pollution cost to society and cost of pollution right quotas. ( Savage and Hart, 1993 ) Measures under market-based are similar to price-based step that puting a monetary value and finding demand on the sum of pollution discharged ( Schelling, 1983 ) : The disposition of economic experts to work outing the market jobs is an ideologically based one: their major basicss come from the perceptual experience of Adam Smith that self-interest universe ‘s single development, in a competitory market system and societal benefits are maximized. The economic sciences is entrenched by this tradition doctrine that most of economic experts probably do non recognize, except they go out into the non -economists ‘ universe, that it is a moral doctrine premise†¦ ( Kelman, 1983, p. 297 ) Although it is non persuaded by every economic expert, the attack of neoclassical which the environmental economic sciences ranges and surveies cover this doctrine ( Rosewarne, 1993 ) . In the world, given the markets workings and the imperfectness is well-elaborated and problems related to it ( Moran and Wright, 1991 ) what indicated that environmental economic sciences and statements of sustainable development issue are dominated by the neoclassical economic sciences. Internalizing costs of environmental Some resources of environmental – for illustration purchasing and merchandising environmental resources in the market though the true cost of acquiring the environmental resource ever does non indicated from their monetary values since the monetary values are non include the cost in the environmental devastation. Other resources of environment, for case, there are non paid at all in utilizing clean H2O and therefore economic experts viewed as free. There are arguments between economic experts that environmental assets are likely to be raddled or mistreated as the monetary values are excessively low. The statements between the economic sciences that external benefits and costs that market minutess are non considered as â€Å" internalized † by altering monetary values. The external cost which is caused by the company from supplying services or goods is apt to pay or this. Charges or revenue enhancement is a possible ways to work out this job ( Bailey, 2002 ) . For case, dumping the sewerage into the watercourse by the company, and so the cost of lost leisure environment is covered by bear downing a fee. Price-based instruments for illustration, charges and revenue enhancements, are theoretical to do external costs portion of the polluter ‘s consideration. Although jurisprudence besides can restrict the pollution discharge to the, the economic experts still prefer utilizing make-based for the pollution control. Advocated by economic instruments, Thomas Schelling ( 1983, p. thirteen ) , states Environmental Protection Incentives in his book that â€Å" if pricing mechanisms is designed good, it can acquire regulative criterions with good – designed and reasonable. † And all parties believe that legislative instruments can non be to the full replaced by economic instruments. Practically, the environmental policy should be a mix of market-based instruments, criterions and Torahs. The optimum pollution degree is theoretical to be the degree at cleaning cost equal the environmental harm cost ( Samuelson, 1954 ) . Some economic experts debate that making the optimum harm degree is the most efficient in market. Since optimum degree of harm or pollution is ever non zero, many people feel unusual and abhorrent. But the optimum degree is the cardinal premise of the theory of internalising costs under price-based instruments. You read "Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay" in category "Essay examples" If the environmental harm cost is equal to the monetary value charge, theoretically, the pollution will be cleaned up by the house until the residuary charge would be less than the incremental pollution decrease. It means that the degree of pollution decrease addition until the charge payment is less expensive than the pollution decrease. It is efficient economically since the benefits will be offset if more costs of excess pollution control are spent by polluter. To the society, it seems non an optimum solution. However, economic experts debate that the societal cost caused by polluters is non in the worst place if they had paid to all cost of pollution riddance and there is no worse to society sine the company counterbalance the harm by paying to the authorities. Theoretically, the companies ‘ payment in the charges form is a method to rectify their harm on the environment ( Beder, 1996 ) However, there are diverges between theory and world. The first consideration is whether the fortunes of environmental devastation can be corrected by enforcing monetary value on the polluters, world and theory diverge issues. The 2nd consideration is whether the pollution charges collected are used to undertake environmental jobs. Argument comes out that the society is still no worse – off if we spent the money on something every bit valuable. But this position is difficult to accept by the pollution suffer. The other statement is presuming that the replacing environmental benefit by purchasing other benefits on the market. Yet, countering by conservationists that other goods can non replace the environmental quality ( Goodin, 1992 ) and that human -made capital and natural can non replace absolutely ( Costanza and Folke, 1994 ) . Actually, the costs internalized assume that wage for the environmental devastation is most preferred to avoiding the devastation. There besides have a theory premise that the optimum harm point is that the cost of pollution decrease is more dearly-won and dearly-won while the environmental addition is smaller and smaller ( see Fig.1 ) . The thought based by this rule that if company changes production procedure by adding pollution control equipment can accomplish the purpose of pollution decrease. In the long term, these production processes alteration may assist companies salvage money. This can non be easy assumed that the environmental devastation done is equal to the charges. Daly and Cobb ( 1989 ) indicate that, â€Å" economic loss ‘s rating is capable to uncertainness and broad divergency, but non physical consequence merely. † Practically, regulative bureaus and authoritiess do non seek to associate external costs to revenue enhancements or charges. Charges can be used to obtain income to cover the costs of programme to undertake jobs of pollution. However, charges normally are designed to make an inducement for polluters to minimise the discharges. So this reflects that the costs of devastation they cause are non to the full paid by polluters. Therefore, the economic instrument ‘s major purpose is to internalise environmental costs and seeking the optimum pollution degree. However, it is hard to accomplish. Environmental effectivity and inducements Jacobs ( 1993 ) points out economic experts argue that enforcing costs, even though the polluting activity ‘s existent environmental costs are non internalized, but pollution decrease inducement is provided for houses and money can be saved as a consequence. There besides an statement that regulative criterions may do certain company achieve pre-determined bound marks, but there may be deficiency of inducement for company to cut down farther pollution while prove-based instruments provide fiscal inducement. Stavins and Whitehead ( 1992 ) advocated that â€Å" go on actuating the companies to better the fiscal public presentation by engineering development. Then the companies can cut down the pollutant outputs. † If the economic instruments are decently structured, the companies can be motivated to follow and prosecute in betterment and invention uninterrupted † ( Grabosky, 1993 ) . Economic determinism assumes that the desirable technological alterations will automatically happen under suited economic conditions ( Baranzini et al. , 2000 ) . Under this position, the political and societal factors are non considered by technological development. There is so much scholarship in the scientific discipline and engineering surveies ‘ academic subject that the technological developments have been based ( MacKenzie and Wajcman, 1985 ; Bijker et al. , 1987 ) . Although enforcing monetary values to companies for the environmental harm may give force per unit area on it to minimise the charges, we can non guarantee that the company will make so in the countries where imposing charges. ( Rosenberg, 1976, Chapter 23 ) . Using new engineering and means to go through the in other operation parts or go through the cost to the client is more inexpensive and profitable manner o cut down the environmental cost The effectivity of inducement is mostly depending on the sums of subsidy or charge or revenue enhancement is imposed. If it is low, company may non alter their engineering in order to moo the environmental cost, the consequence is small. ( Jacobs, 1993, p. 7 ) . There are many surveies indicated that the inducement is low if the charges are excessively low. ( Postel, 1991, p. 32 ; Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p. 31 ; Barde and Opschoor, 1994, p. 25 ) Theoretically, there is no account why instruments of statute law failed to make a invention motive to better the public presentation continually. ( Ashford et al. , 1985 ; Caldart and Ryan, 1985 ; Cramer and Zegveld, 1991 ) . For case, Caldart and Ryan ( 1985 ) argument that economic conditions and engineerings are non bound regulative attacks. It is means that the legislative instruments could non promote company to transport out more technological invention in order to alter economic fortunes. Practically, policy shaper rarely take this attack for the similar ground. Because high adequate charges are rarely levied since they are excessively disquieted about reaction of industry. Regulating within the technological model and bing economic is preferred by them. Environmental statute law can curtail the discharges level that should be met and the technological type that should be used such as establishing on attacks of Best Practicable Technology ( BPT ) and Best Available Technology ( BAT ) . It has conventionally been believed that the technological kinds are restricted by policy shapers will harm to innovation activities in the United States. In Australia, policy shapers have non advised company what criterion of engineering should be used. Alternatively, the criterions of discharges have been set which based on the bing engineerings. As a consequence, there is incentive to alter engineering since the criterion is sensible to accomplish, but non merely an environmental end ( Beder, 1989 ) . The cause of neglecting to make inducements through the legislative instruments or monetary value based instruments is same. In both instances, the authorities establishments ‘ strengthens, the politicians ‘ willingness, and the extent of community engagement and review are decisive factors. There are different jobs of policy instruments are listed by J. Rees ( 1988, p. 175 ) : First, the ends of policies are often conflicting, confused and switching. Second, the procedure of execution can non, and does non, running along consistent, clear ends-means lines. Last, the policy instruments are manipulated by the involvement groups within both the regulation governments and the regulated community. Brian Wynne ( 1987, pp. 4-5 ) besides points out the viing involvements ‘ interaction necessity to the standard executions. For illustration, the interested parties are regulated and regulative authorization, authorities and nearby community. It normally includes dialogue, version and via media. Rees suggests that economic mechanisms, advocate slope to do the premise that â€Å" the control system of pollution is chiefly composed of economically rational pollution shapers and enterprisers running without capital, organisational, perceptual and proficient restrictions. This is non the instance. For case, although the cost to change the production procedure or put in pre-treatment equipment may be lower than the charges in the long term, most companies are non willing to put on the initial cost payment. However, there is no pick for companies in the legislative instruments. Rees said that there are several surveies have shown 25 % -30 % polluters do non understand the system of pricing which may hold radically different degrees of payment significantly if the sewerage ‘s volume or strength composing of the discharge can be changed by polluter ( Rees, 1988, p. 184 ) . Many polluters do non cognize how to alter the methods of pollution decrease and seek the most favorable determinations in the involvement of themselves. Cost effectivity and economic efficiency Under the price-based steps, the environmental costs are failed to be internalized and inducement for alteration engineering is less than the legislative steps. Then economic experts argue that price-based steps are more cost-efficient and economically efficient than legislative steps. They point out that the regulative criterion imposes a high cost load on the company and hinders the growing of economic. During 1970s and 1980s, statute law has been characterized by Stavins and Whitehead that costs are non regarded in the execution. They prefer protecting environment by market-based inducement as the other options: aˆÂ ¦the ordinances impact on the economic strength and its competitory ability in international markets are heightened concernedaˆÂ ¦ under the ordinance, behavior is dictated and net income chances are removed. Then, unneeded loads on the economic system are placed and more effectual environmental engineerings are stifled. Economic instruments claim that ordinances are non cost-efficient. It is because the ordinances require emanations from all companies to run into unvarying criterions, but non see whether they have ability to run into them. Installing peculiar pollution control engineerings in the companies are required by the ordinances but there is no consideration on whether the companies affordable for them. Although the ordinances can better the quality of environment, the cost is excessively high. On the other manus, economic instruments are said to allow that concern should portion the pollution control load in an effectual manner. ( Stavins and Whitehead, 1992, p.9 ) The suggestion is come from that the pollution decrease of the some companies are less expensive than others. So, it is sensible expect that these companies reduces more pollution is more effectual than the other companies for whom it would be non cheaply. In this manner, the pollution control ‘s fringy cost is accomplishing an excess unit of pollution decrease ‘s extra cost. So, the concerns ‘ fringy costs of pollution control would be equalized. For case, the rate of pollution discharge fee is aggregate to all companies. The companies will happen that cut downing the pollution discharge is cheaper to pay the fee if the decrease of pollution cost is more than the discharge fee payment. However, in most instances frequently show that, economic instruments save cost are non due to implementing pollution decrease. Jacobs ( 1993 ) point out that the efficiency is an statement of theory but non an empirical one and provides the illustration in the follow: The sewerage charges raised 400 % in Britain. The authorities failed to alter behavior of companies, even parts of pollution control investing would be pay back. It is because the affected companies did non understand the system alteration. The pollution decrease issue is non dealt by applied scientists but the finance section. So the companies did non cognize the available option of engineering. Therefore, it is more efficaciously necessitate the companies to put in better engineering by ordinance. Savage and Hart ( 1993 ) suggest that: â€Å" Efficiency is a major foundation for the rational, the text edition of intermediate economic sciences ‘ fantasy universe: in the market mechanism, coincident imperfectnesss is non constrained the universe, for illustration, imperfect competition or monopolies, outwardnesss, uncertainness, asymmetric information, revenue enhancements, uncomplete markets or moral jeopardies. † Economists frequently argue that determination devising of centralised authorities is less efficient than market. It is because, under the market-based mechanism, information is automatically gathered and the balance of supply and demand is ensured and allotment of resources is expeditiously. Nevertheless, pollution charge suited for this kind of statement because enforceable remains and monitoring are needed. The policy shaper still should cognize the sum of waste are discharged and guarantee that companies have wage for the pollution discharge fee right and have been paid its waste. â€Å" Any environmental control system should be checked by inspectors to do certain that claimed discharge, resource extractions or emanations are right. Therefore, bureaucratic is necessary since they are revenue enhancement inspectors, but non regulative 1s † ( Jacobs, 1993 ) . How to cite Economic Instruments For Protecting The Environment Economics Essay, Essay examples

Business Strategies for British Petrolium

Questions: Task 1: The student must set the context for the assignment with a focus upon the competitive market position together with the challenges faced. This provides a sound platform from which to proceed.Task 2: Based upon task 1 weaknesses in the current business model must be highlighted to indicate and then priorities inadequacies for action in relation to the current and anticipated future market landscape Task 3: Based upon task 2 corrective action is needed.it doesn't follow that all elements of the business model will need attention ,otherwise a new business will be created.Focus must be given only to areas within the business model which need attention so that the required corrective action can be justified. 20 marks Task 4: The consequences of the corrective actions outlined in task 3 must now be considered in terms of the following perspectives: Organisation structure, Operational Processes, Information Technology, Human Capital, Students need to demonstrate the impact of the ne eded change. Task 5: This final step is designed to consider the proposals for change which are now essential to accomplish the change agenda The focus must be upon HOW to achieve planned change over time with respect given to staff sensitivities? Answers: Introduction The study would critically investigate the Global business strategies of British Petroleum and examine the critical factors that have helped it to grow global. Every major aspect of business development and growth is examined for the study with problem statement and thus elaborate upon the corrective actions needed to stay competitive. An organizational perspective of the corrective actions has been discussed in various measures to improve the existing processes to see the impact of change actually occurring in the business. Thus a proposal for change along with plans to implement them in the business is discussed based upon the current British Petroleum structures and strategies. Task 1: Background of British Petroleum The British Petroleum is one of the leading international oil and gas firms that provide fuel for transportation, energy generating fuel, lubricants for the mechanical engines and such other various petrochemical products that are used in everyday items as diverse as paints, plastics, packages etc. The mission of the business is built around a long term integration of petro products with technology inputs and marketing efforts (Popp et al. 2006). Thus the vision stresses on improved performance and steady disciplined business growth. Therefore the strategic culture of the firm has been developed from these statements and is employee oriented. The British Petroleum or BP relies on its employees for future growth, keep up and downstream operations with effective use of technology that gives it the higher ground for health safety with no damage to environment and people thus improve its relationships with nations those they already exists in (Srdjevic et al. 2012). Nevertheless, since British Petroleum had been a very old company with its existence since 1909 from the inception of Oil Drilling thus its existence is seen in 80 various nations of all the continents. The number of employees as one end of 2012 is around 85,900 from 20, 700 retail outlets, 15 refineries producing 2354 barrels of crude oil per day with 17,000 million barrels of reserves in its kitty the business seeks growth and market development in new markets while wish to keep up with the competitions that it is facing in these nations. Thus the business shows the commitment of a progressive, performance driven future. However in US where BP is generally known as BP America has faced significant bad publicity from various sections of the media for their Texas blast on 2006 later the oil spill in Gulf of Mexico which faced 18 Billion USD as fines. The later killed 11 employees and causes one of the worst off coast disaster of all times where the Deepwater Horizontal drilling in of fshore Gulf of Mexico, Macondo wells saw the District judge pronounce profit driven decisions and gross negligence as the cause of the mishap. Thus the recommendations and needed strategic changes in organizational structures are discussed for better safer future business. Further the business of BP is Russia (TNK-BP) is facing serious license violation charges. Again, the prices of crude oil all across the globe is dropping rapidly and although the business has given the investors a 25 Billion USD returns in the last few decades the equity has been underperforming for the firm for last few years. The problems can be seen to be coming from 3 different sides where the people management may give a long term solution (Augusto-Toledo, 2011). Task 2: Priorities and inadequacies of the current business model The globalization of the BP business has seen it making many changes in business dynamics based upon its regional partnerships and strategic alliances. The task 1 shows the weakness of safety procedures, legal requirements to be missing in few cases and a major loss of face due to gross negligence. The problems are such that has a long term effect on the market share and technology use which can prove fruitful for the business rivals over BPs business. However the business shows few major loopholes in its strategic business model followed by the BP in political, economic and international business grounds thats needs to be revised. The Russian TNK-BP is a firm which is a joint venture between the two Petro-giants. The Russian officials are not happy yet with the processes the business follows and thereby have issued a notice for licensing renewal to the business (Bpes.bp.com, 2014). The PEST Analysis would give an idea of what the business model is as of now and thereby the needed st rategic outlook would be suggested based upon the findings. Political: The global energy markets are volatile in terms of predictability due to geo-political instability. The Carbon Di-Oxide emissions have a great impact on the crude oil drilling businesses like BP. The business had to close down its Alaskan rig after 270,000 gallons of oil spill where the business faces criminal charges. Further the fast growing markets demands for oil and gas for plat operations has made the market very volatile in terms of crude oil prices, of course that its competitors have to face it too like Shell and Chevron (Bbc.co.uk, 2012). Economic: The economy for the oil and gas business comes from the demand of it and is supposed to growing demand of about another 60% in near future as the solar energy and alternative energy sources have very limited scope as of now. Thus the economic sphere suggests that future consumptions are going to give a big boost for the business provided that it can manage to have more oil drill rigs and manage them at a cost which is profitable, even in the volatile market of crude oil. However, it is notable that the Russian authorities have milked 50% of the Shells stake which was operational in Russia while the BP is now facing such licensing charges (Digitalscholarship.unlv.edu, 2014). Social: The rising carbon emission is a big block to the BPs business as the fossil fuel poses the threat to further pollute the global atmosphere for climate changes. The 1992 Kyoto agreement has put a ceiling on the carbon emission done by each nation. The global change in climate has also added to the concerns of BP as its production is crude oil and refineries which are seen as the source of such social evil. Further the death in rigs and accidental spills in Mexican gulf and Tundra has given mal publicity to the business. Nevertheless, business has invested 8 Million USD into alternative fuel, hydrogen fuel, energy source detection and development. Technological: The technology is the most important strategic part that the BPs business needs to incorporate quiet stringently to see that the risks of oil leaks and contamination of natural land or water do not happens as it may have happened in the past giving the brand a huge sum to be paid as penalty charges. The safety standards are to be brought in place with optimal use of Information technology into production management to see that such accidents do not occur in future (Gibson, 2012). Nevertheless, the business has kept its options for alternative fuel and energy sources open so as to expand and develop its business on those lines once the fossil fuel consumption is over, globally. The PEST suggests that the business has developed all across the globe without a solid capacity based calculations which lead it to produce more oil thus competitive prices. However, the price competence is key to the global energy market dominance. The BPs business has been divided into 2 distinct parts which are exploration with production and refining with distribution the other part. The overcapacity in mature markets where the business has been performing for over 4 decades with its new exploration and distribution in new market is a problem area that the BP needs to identify and rectify strategically for future performance. As stated before the BP have 15 refineries with 80 nations of operations with 2354 barrels a day production. The progressive, innovative, green and performance driven BP business policies needs to assess the global political and social platforms prior to any further investments in such sector Gilbert (2011). The past must have given the business an idea of the volatility in the oil drilling nations like Russia, China, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and such Middle Eastern nations. The investment in politically stable Asian nations while developing while developing the markets in politically stable economies would be the key to the business. However, it is also to note that the businesss acquisition strategies have proved to be fruitful where today Lucas Energy Systems and Amoco, parts of BP are the largest manufacturer of Solar cells globally. This policy was a great leap forward where the business did not had to depend on Petroleum altogether for sustainability during those period when all the crude oil is been exhausted. In the similar attempt the business is to power all US based Walmart stores with their unconventional solar panels. These specialized cells would help the business in building consumer confidence and interest towards alternative fuel for energy generation (Bp.com, 2015). It wou ld also serve to advertise the common people the utility for themselves, of solar power. Unlike other conventional businesses, the diversification is aimed at energy production that is largely been the source of development of modern day civilization. Thus the idea is sustainable business development while keeping the options of diversification open for itself. However, the priority of the business is safety and legal aspects along with social development in those areas where it operates. Task 3: Corrective actions needed for sustainable future The task 2 concedes the requirements for a sustainable business model where the financial performance shall be good, keeping in mind the long term sustainability where the safety aspect shall get the priority. Nevertheless, the case of Shell in Russia along with turbulence in the Middle Eastern region needs to be kept in mind so that the investments and returns give the stakeholders profitability. The uncertainties like political dilemma and operational risks, that in Arctic Tundra and Mexico, needs to be kept in mind while investing so that the capital investments and presence are well strategized. The Health and safety need to the priority as the lessons from the aforesaid operational disaster never occurs during future operations. The competitors of BP across the globe have similar geographic landscapes and have vertical integration of product line (Zalengera et al, 2014). However the edge that BP has developed in introducing their solar power business is a horizontal diversificat ion that gives it an edge over others However, the strategic alliance in international markets would determine the future presence and business volume for BP. It is important to note that the natural oil and gas deposits are in plenty in Middle Eastern nations, Russia, Arctic, North America and Central South America. Russia stands second in global oil and gas production where the business is facing the challenge of Government run firm. The case of Shell is another example while the turbulence in Middle Eastern nations may prove costly for the investors, if the business dont take steps in accessing the situation and thus invest (Segon, 2014). Safety: The safety norms at work as well safety of the community is very important for any business for a long term existence in business. Since the oil and gas rigs are located mostly located in isolated places safety at work is of paramount importance for BP. The use of technology and systematic application of safety rules the accidents like spills, fire or suffocation at work can be prevented in better manner unlike that of a decade age. The global standards of safety are defined in both legal aspect of doing business as well as in-house efforts to develop safety consciousness (Wheelen and Hunger, 2004). The international laws of doing business generally follow the UN resolution of 2013 for environmental care and cure. The Valhall drilling facility uses offshore electricity, or the electricity generated on the drill itself by gas burners and turbine. This has a duel effect for the next generation oil rigs. Since crude oil and gas is a highly volatile substance, therefore the chanc e of in-house gas burners increases the chanced of rig blasts and keeps the environment clean by not generating any greenhouse gas onshore the rigs. The strategy of training and development with the use of high end technology to minimize the effects of drilling on the natural environment is enhanced. Thus the safety aspect should be the utmost priority for the BP and is been invested with a substantial amount for research and further development, for a sustainable and profitable future (Park and Khai, 2015). Community development and participation of all stakeholders in safety measure implementation is proposed. Investment Value generation: The profitability as well as sustainability is the vision for the business. Hence, the business needs to choose its investments. And alliances carefully which would suite the mutual needs and have mutual values. The political instability can be got in India while the investments in Chinese territory for BP may prove to be as dangerous as the Middle Eastern nations due to the communist regime and government control of resources. Again, the insurance of the future must be its diversity, both vertically and horizontally with diversified sectors so that the international commodity volatility wont affect the investors as much as it does now. The step into alternative energy generation in US is a positive step forward for BP where the strategy is to consolidate into the future forecast of alternative energy growth of 2020 of 6% to 8% in 2030 (Icmrindia.org, 2012). The payments due to fines generated in the past as well social criticism due to negligence of safe ty issues can be well invested back into business to see that such thing never happens. The value generation can be done by strategically increasing the focus into the areas those generates best values while investing for longer returns in a long term fashion. Investing into good places, with latest technology can build a long term value for business and investors. Technology: The use of modern day technologies in the production and operations is to be used in the futuristic business models. The rapidly growing technology has brought many new gadgets to mechanize more widely, survey more exhaustively, while take better safety measures during drilling in future can be achieved. The new works of geology, biochemistry, detection technologies have improved, thus the use of technology may prove to be a viable long term solution while also help n keeping the risks to health and environment would be largely reduced. Figure 1: The 3 step Strategic Approach of BPs Business for Future (Source: BP.com, (2015) Strategic Management focused on the business of BP has developed a 3step focus for its futuristic strategy which would be safety as priority along with competitive project execution and disciplined financial choices. The quality portfolio suggests that the business focus on exploration, high value vertical and similar horizontal integration to stay competitive from business angle. Lastly the distinctive capabilities of BP are focusing on high end technology, skilled manpower and strong business relations with all stakeholders. Nevertheless, the diversification into petrochemical products and further development for distinctive advantage would need the investments to be done into research and development. The alternative energy source may also help the business to create its own markets before any other competition may enter the same market. Thus the mix of the options has to be chosen wisely to generate optimum value for investors (Castonline.ilstu.edu, 2013). Task 4: Corrective Strategies Organizational Structure The aspect of Human resources is going to the biggest challenge and internal asset for BPs future businesses. The recruitment, training, operations skill and performance evaluation needs to be considered by the business in a manner that gives both best to employees and environment best results. The Organizational structure of the hierarchy and reporting structures at BP is been made uncomplicated to focus into multiple fields while diversify into multiple geographical areas (Huangfu et al., 2013). Figure 2: The Top Management Structure brief of BP (Source: Bp.com, 2015) The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of BP reports to the Board of Directors while he is reported by the Chief Financial officer (CFO) and three business chiefs. BP exploration and production is one while the other division is BP Marketing and Refineries those reports to the CEO. The exploration and production chief is also responsible for its American, African and S.E.Asia operations. The Chief of its Marketing and refineries overlooks the European, US and Australian business The Other chief of allied businesses is responsible for Asia, Europe, South American businesses for BP. Since BP is integrating its business in horizontal and vertical fashion thus the organizational priority needs to be further rearranged once the business has identified its fields of production. The safety officer reports to both the chief with different safety measure development skills, as needed by the operations. The refining is based out of land based plats thus the specialization needs to be more towards l and based design of safety in its plants as well as distributions. The rig safety generally deals with various rig instruments to detect, explore and extract safety without spillage in the rig areas. The integration of the safety operations needs technological inputs to build it safe and take research and development actions to see what more can be added into the exploration, storage, refining and distribution activities (Zhou et al. 2012). Operational Processes The operations of BP as on date are tripartite where the gas and oil business is the major one. The other major businesses that BP has are its petrochemical products and lastly the new line of solar panels that the business would surely venture in a international scale in near future. The operations would need to have four distinct lines which the later day business may take note of to establish itself. Firstly, the proposal is to form a strategic team under the exploration and production team who would evaluate the investment options in those areas deemed suitable to explore. Local and international mix of people who have strategic knowledge about the area and idea of the legal frameworks needs to be put in the team. The other suggestion is to make the safety department a fulltime separately functioning unit which can utilize the entire distribution in various stages to add value to each level and minimize any spillage or environmental harm while taking good care of the employees he alth (Hu, 2011). Nevertheless, the operational process may include a technical team in place that can select, innovate and build tools and machinery fit for specific purpose before and after exploration. This would give BP an edge over other firms where the area specific drilling and exploration units are divided separately. Furthermore the operational process may include training and development of safety awareness and skill development along with various other process inputs that builds the human resources for BP its strategic asset (Kinal, 2013). Human Resources The Human Resources is the near future is going to be its strategic asset. However, it is imperative to understand that the multinational nature of business needs the integration of cross cultural people who would share common values, work in a team, and collaborate to achieve business objectives. Thus the development of HR for BP would need a strategic approach towards cultural integration for people from various cultures. The skill of the people needs to develop with technical inputs to operate, maintain and further enhance productions, be it drilling or refining. The processes of HR acquisition to internal policies to keep an individual employee give their best performance at all time needs the Business Managements attention. The recruitment of people not only with best skill sets but also having relevant exposure for different levels with a good attitude towards task assigned, fast learner and team player would be good for the future. These people would be technically handling th e future sophisticated instruments so needs to have the skill-sets to manage and operate the same. Nevertheless, a good amount of experimentation in safe conditions within controlled environments makes the processes even better which may be a part of the innovation and research process for BP. This process may follow a reward policy to encourage such new process and technical innovations. Career planning, training along with idea generation and exchange platforms like social media may be used to make the employee voice be heard. An effective job design with all the elements of duties and responsibilities have to be communicated so that the team member as well as the team itself knows each others role and capacities. The cultural integration to bring in staffs of various culture, backgrounds. Since same socks dont fit all so the application of individual specific solution would be a great idea. The impact of cultural integration needs a strategic approach to enhance peoples chances to grow, have mutual respect and a wholesome focus towards organizational goals. This motivated bunch of BPs employees would be its strategic advantage over its competitors in the future which should give it a leaping edge over its competitors. Information Technology The boon of technology especially internet technologies have made the communication and real time data receipt for needed decision making has been far easier than it was a decade back. Another, aspect of this great technology is its ability to reach a wide number of people at the same time which in business content is a boon for internal and external communication in real time thus the technology may be used in various forms for the entire business performance. Not only for knowledge gathering but also as a tool of integration of various processes, IT has a very vital role. For exploration, transmission of geological surveys, mapping is also done via IT which gives the opportunity to imply them on field with better efficiency (Changhui and Ju, 2013). Social media may prove to be a good asset while continuous feedback and training need as well as knowledge sharing is vital, where social media is a great tool to involve all. This would create a team bond and with good moderation, the scheme may also be a great tool for new joiners to get inducted to the processes. Furthermore a great advantage of social media use helps the business to have the larger audience or the social feedback about peoples view about BP and its social responsibilities (Jenkins, 2010). Task 5: Conclusions and recommendations Keeping in view the global presence of BP and further market development and employee management needs to have few pertinent strategic approaches. The competitive business development with value chain integration and human capital development approach may prove to be a great futuristic approach for BP. Considering the criticism it has faced along with court verdicts, negative social outlook towards their environment policies in past have coasted them both image and revenue. However, the entry of the business into other energy source development along with vertical integration of petro-chemical businesses also needs care and attention, as the motor lubricant business faces a great deal of competition. The new source of energy development initiatives in broader global scale while exploring stable rigs in stable economies needs to be the strategic for BP. Employee acquisition to development of Human Capital assets is the factor is one way the business may get an edge over other rivals. Along with this the cultural practices which suites the global mix of various people working in a coordinated fashion would need a strategic cultural integrity unique for BP and accepted by all. However the transition or the business model towards a futuristic solution would need the change management where the focus is upon application of new strategic approaches in the present structure, keeping the staff sentiments in mind. The change is a matter of concern for many as the future is unsure and the resistance towards change is not an uncommon phenomenon. The apprehensions or the unknown nature of the resultant is one factor which makes people resist towards change. However, the change management can be well introduced with the right balance of change introduction and time span of the introduction. To achieve harmonies change management in the business the process or the objectives that the business wishes to achieve may be introduced with the mutual agreement and involvement of employer and employees (Cameron and Green, 2004). The objectives of change, the goals of the business and how the new changes in structure and operational style can improve the business performance can be discussed with the employees where their suggestions and ideas can be incorporated to build a suitable change management program. However the time span of accomplishment of such change may differ from case to case due to the nature of change adopted (Raineri, 2011). Training and development, utility and benefits of change, tangible benefits of the change can all be a part of the process along with ideas and suggestion inputs from the employees side would facilitate such change management in BP for its future ahead. List of references Augusto-Toledo, L. (2011) MARKETING PLANNING AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES. Revista Gestfo Industrial, 7(2), pp. 11-14 Bbc.co.uk, (2012) BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Case study: Gulf of Mexico oil spill and BP. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/wasting_resources/waste_pollution_rev5.shtml [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Bp.com, (2015) [online] About British Petroleum, Available at: https://www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/who-we-are/commitment-to-safety.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015] Bp.com, (2015) Our strategy | About BP | BP Global. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-strategy.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Bp.com, (2015) The energy future | Sustainability | BP Global. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/the-energy-future.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015] Bpes.bp.com, (2014) BP in Business. [online] Available at: https://bpes.bp.com/secondary-resources/business-studies/ages-14-to-16/business-and-enterprise/bp-in-business/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Cameron, E. and Green, M. (2004) Making sense of change management. London: Kogan Page. Castonline.ilstu.edu, (2013). The Gulf Oil Spill. [online] Available at: https://www.castonline.ilstu.edu/hurd/KNR378/Articles/SP_2013/BP%20Oil%20Spill%20case_class.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Changhui, Y. and Ju, K. (2013). Research on Business Process and E-business Platform Design of Barter Trade. Information Technology J., 12(19), pp.5315-5320 Jenkins, J.J. (2010) Developing overseas managers And managers overseas. Business Horizons, 23(5), pp.86-87 Digitalscholarship.unlv.edu, (2014). British Petroleum: Safety Issues. [online] Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1567context=thesesdissertation [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015) Gibson, C. (2012). IT-enabled Business Change: An Approach to Understanding and Managing Risk. SSRN Journal, 12 (3), pp. 12-15 Gilbert, D. (2011). BP Faces Up to $13.7 Billion in Fines in Deepwater Gulf Spill Case. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/bp-faces-up-to-13-7-billion-in-fines-in-deepwater-gulf-spill-case-1421361155 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Green, M. (2007). Change management master class. 3rd Ed. London: Kogan Page. Hu, T., Zhang, X. and Teng, W. (2011) Understanding Information Technology Configuration in Business Diversification: A Political View. Information Technology J., 10(3), pp.470-477 HUANGFU, G., JIANG, D. and ZHANG, G. (2013) From Organizational Commitment to Organizational Loyalty: The Concept and Structures of Chinese Organizational Loyalty. Advances in Psychological Science, 21(4), pp.711-720 Icmrindia.org, (2012) BP's Continuing Safety Problems: The Gulf of Mexico Crisis Business Ethics|Case Study|Case Studies. 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What Is the Difference Between Self-Interest and Greed free essay sample

In order to help make clear the difference of greed and incentives, this paper will discuss a quote from Adam Smiths book, Wealth of Nations, along with discussing innovation, the difference of acting in ones self interest and being greedy, and fairness or greed in free market systems. Greed and incentives are two terms that each play a role in the other. Incentives are sometimes rewarding and sometimes unrewarding. Greed is taught to be a bad quality to children: but is greed really bad? By taking an economical perspective of greed and incentive, one can see how each play a vital role in the free market society. Define Greed and Incentives Greed is a strong and selfish need for something, such as, power and wealth, with the intentions to keep it for their own self. Greed can cause people to stop at nothing to obtain what they desire most, without considering the consequences that may come along with their quest to obtain the thing they want most. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Difference Between Self-Interest and Greed? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Incentive is what motivates and encourages someone to do something. Incentives are used to persuade people in to doing something. For example, if you have ever purchased a kids meal just to get the toy, you purchased it with the incentive of receiving. Incentives can be negative or positive. Negative incentives punish someone financially for making certain choices and behaving a certain way. Positive incentives, forever, reward someone financially for making certain choices or behaving in a certain way (Economic Incentives in Our Community). Greed and incentives have some similarities, such as, both are only concerned about with self-interest. They are also different, greed is the selfish desire, whereas, incentives are the motivations. Incentives are what cause people to be greedy. Adam Smiths quote. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that We expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them f our necessities but of their advantages (Smith, 21). This quote is a great example of how greed plays a role in our society. The butcher, the brewer, and the baker have a business to run and people to support. They do not operate just to provide goods to people, they have started their business with the intent to make money. One could say that they are greedy and only care for their wellbeing because they are selling what they make in order to gain money. Smith is claiming that free trade among the members of a society inevitably leads to an outcome that is good for the society as a whole, even Hough each individual pursues only his own selfish gain (Buchanan). If an individual can profit by manufacturing some product or supplying some service he or she will do so. The ability to make profit proves that other members of the society must want those goods or services. If you consider this, the society needs will be met through the pursuit of individual self- interest, or greed. The incentive to make a profit is what pushes someone to make the goods or services. Without the incentive of profits no one would provide goods or services. Discuss innovation: Would humankind still be tuck in the stone age if we did not have the incentives provided by profits? Innovation is a driving factor in our economy. Without incentives of profit innovation would not matter. Under capitalism, Innovative activity which in other types of economy is fortuitous and optional becomes mandatory, a life-and-death matter for the firm. And the spread of new technology, which in other economies has proceeded at a stately pace, often requiring decades or even centuries, under capitalism is speeded up remarkably because, quite simply, time is money (Bamboo, 1). Without incentive provided by profit we loud not have the great country we call America. The incentive of profit is what paved the way for our free market capitalism. Is there a difference between acting in ones self interest and being greedy? If so whats the difference? Is acting in ones self interest good? Is greed good? There is no difference in acting in ones self interest and being greedy. As stated earlier, greed is a selfish need for something and to keep it for ones self. To answer the question; is acting in ones self interest good, you must consider Adam Smiths quote; It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or he baker that we expect out dinner, but from their regard to their own self- interest. The butcher, brewer, and baker are all acting in their self-interest, which is good for them; but is it good for everyone else? The answer must be yes, because people are willing to buy the goods or services that these people make. As mentioned earlier, free trade among the members of a society though each individual pursues only his own selfish gain. By using this for the basis of the question, yes, greed and acting in ones self interest is good. Do the incentives of the free market promote fairness or greed? Incentives of the arrest promote both greed and fairness. According to Milton Freedman, The world runs on individuals pursuing their separate interest. Pursuing ones self interest is the same as greed. But when you consider history, and our economy, the only cases where people have escaped severe poverty are in nations that have free market economies. Because of the free market system, prices are set for goods and services freely by consent between sellers and consumers, fairness is achieved. But the desire for someone to start producing a good is caused by the incentives from the profits, caused by the greedy desire of wanting to make more money. Conclusions Incentive and greed play a large role in a free market society. Without the incentive of profits people may not help grow the economy by producing goods or services. Greed is a driving factor in our economy. As Milton Freedman said, The world runs on individuals pursing their separate interest. Adam Smith also realized that people acting out of greed would help society as a whole. Greed is what shaped the free market economy, greed is what helped America become the great nation it is today, because after all, greed is the pursuit of ones self interest, whereas, incentives are what motivates people to become greedy. References Bamboo, W. (2002).

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. The WritePass Journal

The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. Introduction The appropriate literature sources and analyse the key concepts surrounding the motivation and expectations of volunteers. IntroductionStudies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering.Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into FactorsStudies on Special Sport EventsConclusionRelated Introduction Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. Studies on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering has gained   more ground than ever before in recent years, due to the big Sports Events becoming more important than previously. Because of the   development of the Society, the demand of Volunteers is needed. There is a wider literature on Volunteers’ Profile, Motivation, Expectations and the benefits of Volunteering. One of the most significant researches that have been done on Volunteers is the National Survey of Volunteering (Smith, 1997), which examined how volunteers are recruited and the benefits of volunteering. The most important results were that the primary motivations for volunteering were based on altruistic and self- interested  reasons. Smith had found that 48% of the respondents had offered to help, following 47% who had been asked to help by someone. An additional 45% had volunteered because of the needs and interests of their family and friends, and 42% because of thier own needs and interests.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The most important benefits volunteers had taken   from their voluntary work were the enjoyment they experienced , the satisfaction of seeing result, meeting new people, making   friends and a sense of personal achievement†. (Smith, 1997,   p.61-62)   Manchester Metropolitan University (2008) similarly had conducted a  Study on Volunteers of the Commonwealth Games to draw-up a profile of volunteers and their pre-Games motivations and expectations on a sample of 698 volunteers. The most important motivation for volunteering found by the study was the volunteers were motivated by being a part of a team and supporting their city, in this case Manchester, and their nation, as well as taking advantage of a unique opportunity.   When the participants of the study were asked if one of their reasons for volunteering in the Commonwealth Games was because it is an exciting experience almost all had agreed that this was one of their main reasons for volunteering, as was the fact that the opportunity itself was a chance of a lifetime and it also provided satisfaction when they helped others. The results on the experience of volunteering were that  the whole experience proved to be a unique experience for them and their expectations were far exceeded. The volunteers of the Commonwealth Games had said that they thought that the Games were successful, and they were proud that they were a part of this Event ( Ralston et al., 2008). G. Pauline and J. S. Pauline (2009) investigated the demographic profile of volunteers and their motivation for getting involved in a professional tennis event. Their results were that the Volunteers’  profile were similar to those of tennis participation population and were similar to other games’ volunteers .Volunteers were motivated by material and purposive factors.   In more detail, the authors found that the Volunteers in their research were influenced in volunteering because they were familiar with the game of tennis. The most common response the authors found regarding the Volunteers’ motivations was that they volunteered because â€Å"It is fun to volunteer for this event†(Pauline and Pauline, 2009: 178). And the least important motivation mentioned was that of the volunteer’s employer or school rewarding them with extra credits or bonuses for volunteering. Volunteers were also motivated in helping the event to be successful and serving their community (Pauline and Pauline, 2009) Studies based on Theories of Altruism and Selflessness and categorising the volunteers’ Motivation into Factors Volunteer motivation uses theories of altruism and selflessness (Phillips, 1982; Rehberg, 2005). The most important and common motivation in many studies has been found to be that volunteers aims are ‘to help where is needed’. Many volunteer researches have found different motivations including those of altruism, social contact, personal interests, and emotional needs to name a few (Yeung, 2004).   Mallias and Papadimitriou (2002) conducted a research on the volunteers volunteering in the  2004 Athens Olympic Games, and examined volunteers’ motivations, based on theories of altruism and selflessness. The data analysis was conducted with a 28 item one-dimensional scale named: the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS) and categorised the factors into four groups: Purposive, Solidary, External Traditions and Commitments. Their conclusions were that  the most important motivations of volunteers were Purposive followed by Solidary. Other researches, such as that of Ko kolakakis (1999) on volunteers in the United Kingdom, found that the volunteers tend to volunteer for their own good and own intrinsic satisfaction. Similarly, Shibli, et al. (1999) found that the basic reason for volunteering was not altruistic but rather meeting what volunteers wanted. The literature on Volunteering gives us a complex system of factors that differ from organizations’ or events’ characteristics. A research by Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen (1991) investigated 27 studies on motivation of volunteers and collected data from 258 volunteers and 104 non-volunteers, and after the data was analysed using a 22 item unidimensional scale named the Motivation Volunteer Scale (MVS), had found that motivations were altruistic and egoistic, showing that volunteers not only wanted   to help the organization, but also wanted to be   reward from their volunteering. (Cnaan Goldberg-Glen, 1991). Bang and Ross (2009) investigated the impact of volunteers’ motivations and satisfaction using Bang and Chelladurai’s (2003) Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). Data were collected from 254 volunteers which volunteered for the 2004 Twin Cities Marathon. The results were   that volunteer motivations could be divided into seven factors: Expression of Values, Community Involvement, Interpersonal Contacts, Career Orientation, Personal Growth, Extrinsic Rewards and Love of Sport   The factors that showed the volunteers’ satisfaction were: Expression of Values, Career Orientation, and Love of Sport  ( Bang and Ross ,2009: 68). Further studies, included that of Wang (2009) which was conducted on volunteers of the 10th National Sport Meeting in 2005 and the 10th National Sport Games in 2005, using both questionnaires and interviews of 350 volunteers who took part. In this study the current state of the participation motivations of the volunteers for large-scale sports events in China were researched. The analysis was done on the factors that motivated volunteers participating in volunteer services and those who dropped-out, and the status of motivations of volunteers who get involved in the voluntary service of large sports events. The results of this study, showed that the motivations of volunteering in voluntary services of sports events can be divided into five factors: Purpose factors, Interpersonal factors, Social Impact factors, Personal factors and the Family Traditional factors. Clary et al. (1998) based on their results proposed six groups of factors   of   volunteer motivations which they categorised as: Opportunities   expressing one’s values relating to altruistic and humanitarian concerns for others; Opportunities for new learning experiences, and to exercise one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities (Understanding);   Opportunities to be with one’s friends or to engage in an activity viewed favourably by important others (Social); Experiences that may be obtained from participation in volunteer work (Career); Reduced guilt over being more fortunate than others and addressing one’s own personal problems (Protective); and The ego’s growth and development (Enhancement).   Hardin et al. (2007) also researched volunteer motivations by grouping those motivations into different factors. These were grouped into four factors which explained how volunteers characterise their incentives of volunteering: Purposive , Self-i nterest,External and Escapism. Grammatikopoulos et al. (2006) used the SEVMS in a study of Greek volunteers, with the purpose of trying to explain the motivation of volunteers by the four factors that Twyncam et al. (2002/2003) have used in their study of the Star Choice World Junior Curling Tournament. The four factors were: solidary, purposive, commitment, and external traditions. Other research on motivations of volunteers grouped into factors is that of Bang and Chelladurai (2003) in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, who found   six factors using the Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events (VMS-ISE). The Factors were: Expression of Values, Patriotism, Interpersonal Contacts,   Personal Growth, Career Orientation, and Extrinsic Rewards. Studies on Special Sport Events Clary et al. (1998) try to help us understand more about the nature of volunteering, however,   they fail to explain the differences between the importance of volunteering in Sports Events and   in volunteering in Special Sport Events. Based on the literature scoping of previous research, it has become evident that there is a lack on research on the motivations of the volunteers of Special Sport Events. This has proven a limitation of the research area, as the Special Sport Events have much more prestige due to the social message they give, and therefore differences between the motivations of the volunteers are to be expected (Farrell et al., 1998). Farrell et al. (1998) studied the volunteers motivations and satisfaction at the 1998 Canadian Women’s Curling Championship by using Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen’s (1991) Motivational Volunteer Scale. The   result of this  Ã‚   study made   a new   28 item scale called the Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale (SEVMS) based on the MVS (Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen,1991). The SEVMS divided motivation of volunteers   into four categories; purposive, solidary, external traditions, and commitments.The most important factor the results showed were the purposive factors whilst the least important factors were the external traditions which gave more emphasis to   extrinsic motivations, and the commitments dimension which gave more emphasis   on the expectations of others for vollunteering. Similarly, three other studies (Grammatikopouloset al., 2006; Twynam et al., 2002/2003; Williams et al.,1995) used the SEVMS at special events. One of the studies was on the World Cup downhill skiing event by Williams et al. (1995), which suggested that   the most important volunteer motivations were to support the national team, improve and empower the community spirit and the community image. Conclusion Based on the above findings the wider literature is based upon the profile, the motivations, the expectation of volunteers and the benefits of volunteering. Many studies have also found that motivations of volunteers are based on altruism, selflessness and the self determination theories (SD) (Deci Ryan, 1985b; Ryan Deci, 2000). The majority of the volunteer researchers have grouped the volunteer motivations into factors, with the most popular factors being: the purposive and the solidary. The volunteer motivations of Special Sport Events have been found to be limited, with the researches conducted being less than those in Sport Events and more complicated than those in Sport Events .

The San Fermin Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The San Fermin Event - Essay Example It is said to be one of the most spine-chilling events and extraordinary experience in the lives of those who attend it. Although bull running is the main attraction, there are other traditional events (Simonis, 2009). Historically, the event has a religious connotation spanning from the medieval epoch. Fermain, who is said to have had Roman ancestry, was converted to Christianity and baptized at Navarre. Having been ordained as a priest, he returned to Pamplona as its first Bishop. However, he was beheaded on preaching voyage and has since been regarded as a martyr in the Catholic Church. Some legend has it that he met his death after being dragged by enraged bulls on the streets of Pamplona. The event has since been held in his honor. Traditionally, the religious honoring of Saint Fermain was held in October but were later rescheduled to be held in summer when the weather was much better. The rescheduled event coincided with the bullfighting event. The bullfighting event had a commercial origin. Commercial trade fairs were organized in summer when merchants and their associates gathered in town with their cattle for business, and this led to the organization and staging of bullfighting events as a commemoration of the activities of the fair and hence became a tradition. At inception, the event was supposed to last two days but was later extended until the 10th and later to 14th, which is still observed. Many occasions were held at the festival, these include dancing, musical performance, theatre, orations, fireworks, and bullfighting (Tuchman, 2009). However, it was not until the 17th and 18th Century that the first bull-running event was witnessed and popularized. This coincided with the overwhelming presence of tourists and foreigners. It was also at this period that, concerns and alarms were raised about the excessive alcohol drinking and obscene disturbing behaviors exercised at this festival, which had a religious background and was held in honor of a saint.

Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence Research Paper

Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence - Research Paper Example pared to male characters since music videos portray women as sex objects because they use revealing or provocative clothes which display excessive skin exposure. Recent analysis of rap and hip hop music videos documents the presence of misogyny, which is defined as a sexualizing women and the dominance of men over women. The theme is visible in when numerous and highly sexualized women dance provocatively while wearing revealing clothes and being submissive to male artists other characters who are male in the music video. The result suggests that even though male characters are associated with various themes, female characters are mostly associated with position of objectification. Another recent content analysis study examined various sexual objectifications in other video music genres that include country and hip hop. The study showed that most of the sample video of female artists contained sexual objectification indicators like close-up shots of private body parts, touching of pe rsonal sexual body parts, sexualized dancing or ample skin exposure. Therefore, sexual objectification is not exclusively done to female characters by their male counterparts; but rather most female artists engage in acts of sexual objectification of their bodies. In accordance with objectification theory, sexual objectification is conceptually defined as a considering an individual as a body only valued by its use by others. Thus, basing on the definition, sexual objectification operationalized both in visual representation of female artists’ bodies and their behavior. Sexual objectification is common in media culture; however, music videos offer the potent example of it (Aubrey, Megan and Wanjiru 365). To understand how exposure to sexually objectifying music videos link to constructs... This "Sexually Objectifying Music Videos and Lyric Increase Sexual Violence" outlines how such types of video affect level of sexual violence. Research show that music video often differs in the way they portray men and women; generally showing men in more positive light compared to females. Specifically women are depicted in positions of submission compared to men; besides, men are likely to perpetuate violence and women are portrayed as victims. Music videos often show women dressed in provoking clothing specifically in sexually objectified music videos, the variation in the depictions of both men and women signifies the significance of considering gender differences in music video (Conrad, Travis, and Yuanyuan 137-138). Significant increase in sexualized videos results in idealized body perfection in young children, which is difficult to attain even for models that perpetuate the industry practice. Objectified music videos lead people to believe in reality that never exists which is detrimental especially to adolescents. Repeated exposure to sexually objectified music results in gender-stereotyped ideas and images that contribute to sexist attitudes and beliefs like sexual harassment and etc. Though, sexual objectification is one type of gender harassment, it takes into consideration other hosts of oppressions that women face ranging from employment discernment, trivialization and sexual violence. Consumption of sexually objectified music allows women to accept the tendency of viewing women as objects.

Assignment. Product deelopment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

. Product deelopment - Assignment Example The companies are retailers in freshly brewed coffee and are using status/prestige pricing, market penetration pricing, and market pricing strategy. They include Starbucks, McDonald’s, and Dunkin’ Donuts respectively1. Status/prestige involves setting prices higher than the competition in order to create a perception of an added advantage of the product that creates a reputational quality and distinction. Market penetration pricing involves offering a product/service at a lower price to attract customers from those offering the same product at a higher price. On the other hand, market strategies considers various things before setting the price, but mainly evaluating prices of similar products in the market. It can set prices higher than the competition if it deems it has more features or less if the features are less. Starbucks has been a master of employing value-based pricing to maximize profits. It does this by using research and customer analysis to formulate targeted price increases that capture the greatest amount consumers can will to pay without driving them off. The company does profit maximization by determining the price and product output level that generates most profit2. As has been implied through market penetration strategy, McDonald’s is after the mass market by offering lowest, on average, prices compared to the other two. This strategy is intended to create traffic large enough to cover all cost incurred, including selling cheaply per latte. Lastly, Dunkin’ Donuts prices its products in comparison to the two (market strategy) by offering similar-featured coffee to that of Starbucks and better than McDonald’s3. By using this strategy, its hopes to undercut and win Starbucks’ customers for the same features and offer better features to McDonald’ s customers, hence enough margin. The three coffee shops have different minimum order quantity (MOQ) that will enable each to make reach their marginal

Objectives of Career Counselling

Objectives of Career Counselling An objective of career counseling is to offer an individual the opportunity to begin looking on the domain of a career which makes the most out of an individual and best suited. The outcome would recommend awareness to the different employments which one may like. The sort of things that is important to individual, and the sorts of abilities for which a client have talent or ability. Moreover, comes about will propose some profession objectives and occupations that a counselee may need to research further. The key purpose of assessment of a councilor is to recognize the clients point of view objectives, motivation, behind instructive, mental, and career evaluation. A councilor needs to comprehend a clients family; individual, social life of a counselee would be mulled over. Appraisal instruments are utilized as method for giving connections to learning mediations. Subjective evaluation endeavors to achieve the exactness and soundness of the customers data framework and to recognize the customers center objectives and broken or implausible methods to achieve objectives. Convictions and practices that regularly cause issues are assessed by utilizing a stock intended for this reason. Personal assessment is a deliberate methodology to assembling data about people. This data is utilized to make job or profession related choices about candidates and employees. This assessment helps the councilor to see the client as holistic Individual evaluation instruments are to evaluate level of institutionalization, objectivity, and the nature of being measurable in an appraisal. However evaluation devices and methods fluctuate extraordinarily on these variables. Synergistically overseeing and deciphering formal or casual evaluations to help customers illuminate and tag pertinent qualities toward oneself. Career assessments this can be utilized to evaluate the aptitudes based of a customer and immediate him to a vocation where it is beneficially utilized. This will help clients to improved employment fulfillment and monetary profits. To accomplish this guide must be mindful of the sort of aptitudes needed in an assortment of callings. Instructors are required to furnish customers with individual assessment of managing and interpreting tests. A professional counselor needs to be acclimated with the utilization of moral principles as a technique for controlling the nature of administration gave by their preparation, securing the customer and making safe situations is fundamental. Councilor ought to make relationship of trust, openness and trustworthiness with customers. Consequently the instructors principle inspiration ought not to be that of fiscal, monetary and kind prizes. His fundamental drive would be the enthusiasm to the determination of the customers issues. Guide ought to in the last dissection assume full liability of clinical and remedial choices in their work with customers. Individual advising capabilities is viewed as fundamental to viable profession guiding. A councilor ought to secure and keep up gainful individual associations with people. Work together with client’s in recognizing individual objectives. Select methods suitable to clients objectives and needs, mental states, and formative undertakings. Comprehend clients close to home attributes identified with vocation. Recognize and comprehend social relevant conditions influencing customers professions. Client’s subcultural, social structures and capacities as they are identified with customers vocations. This comprehends customers profession choice making methodologies. Client’s mentality to work and laborers. Recognize and comprehend client’s inclinations to work and laborers focused around sexual orientation, race, and social generalizations. Challenge and urge client to make a move to get ready for and start part moves by finding wellsprings of significant data and experience, getting and translating data and encounters, and procuring abilities required to make part moves Help the client to secure a set of employability and employment seek abilities. Help and test client to inspect all consuming purpose parts, including the parity of work, recreation, family, and group in their professions. Moral choices that are unequivocally underpinned by one or a greater amount of these standards without any disagreement from others may be viewed as sensibly decently established. Be that as it may, specialists will experience circumstances in which it is difficult to accommodate all the appropriate standards and picking between standards may be needed. A choice or blueprint does not so much get to be unscrupulous simply in light of the fact that it is combative or different specialists would have arrived at distinctive conclusions in comparable circumstances. A professionals commitment is to consider all the applicable circumstances with as much give a second thought as is sensibly conceivable and to be properly responsible for choices made. Being dependable regarding the trust put in the expert additionally alluded to as loyalty. It is also viewed as principal to understanding and determining moral issues. Professionals who receive this standard demonstration as per the trust put in them, strive to guarantee that client’s desires are ones that have sensible prospects of being met, honor their assertions and guarantees see privacy as a commitment emerging from the customers trust; confine any exposure of secret data about customers to assisting the reasons for which it was initially revealed. The experts close to home good qualities are absolutely critical to customers. A hefty portion of the individual qualities considered vital in the procurement of administrations have a moral or good segment and are consequently considered as temperance’s or great individual qualities. It is unseemly to endorse that all specialists have these qualities, since it is principal that these individual qualities are profoundly established in the individual. The first interview is when counselors have the first contact with individual clients to collect basic data and register clients for services. Counselors need to establish a positive and collaborative relationship with clients at this early stage and identify the purpose of client in seeking the services. Firstly needs assessment and profiling. In this procedure guides work with client to do two fundamental things. In the first place, needs evaluation advisors lead a top to bottom needs appraisal meeting with every individual customer to distinguish his/her livelihood and directing needs, vocation objective, or job challenges on account of unemployed customers. At that point, customers are profiled for vocation hobbies and abilities. Guides likewise survey customers identity, job readiness, profession development, capacity to keep work, and so forth, utilizing evaluation instruments and percept uncertainty. (Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counseling and Psychotherapy February 1, 2010)